Sultan Suleiman had all the personality traits that made people legendary. He was not only a talented soldier and a strategist, he also mastered the art of jewelry making. As a foresighted leader, he was also an intellectual with an interest in art and architecture. His wife, Hurrem Sultan, was the most powerful woman in Ottoman history.
Suleiman spent his life to build the global empire that was the dream of Mehmed the Conqueror and he made his name all around the world with golden letters. While Sultan Suleiman was known as “Lawgiver” in the East, he was known as “the Magnificent” in the West.
However, despite all these brilliant achievements, Sultan Suleiman’s last years were spent watching his sons fight for the throne. You can find a brief biography of Sultan Suleiman and his wife Hurrem Sultan (aka Roxelana) in this article.
Life of Sultan Suleiman and Hurrem Sultan
Sultan Suleiman ruled the Ottoman Empire for 46 years. Between 1520 and 1566, during the reign of Suleiman, the empire experienced its heyday. Hurrem Sultan was the secret power behind some of the decisions made by the sultan.
Now let’s rewind a bit and take the story from the beginning. While Suleiman was still a young prince, his father Selim I ruled the Ottoman Empire for 8 years (1512-1520). During this period, Suleiman studied at the Enderun School in Topkapi Palace and met Pargali Ibrahim. Later, he was sent to Manisa as a governor to learn to rule.
1. His predecessor, Selim I
Suleiman was lucky to be the only son of Selim I so that he wasn’t involved in brothers’ fight for throne. He was born in November the 6th in 1494 when Selim, who was the son of the Sultan Bayezid II, was a governor in Trabzon.
According to the traditions, he was appointed as the governor of Crimea in 1509 when he was only fourteen years old. Selim revolted against his father in 1512 by overthrowing him and he had to fight against his two brothers for a long time.
When Selim I was not at the capital, Suleiman acted as the regent. When Selim I completely took over the throne in 1513, Suleiman was sent as a governor to Manisa which is where crowned prince was traditionally appointed.
2. Suleiman’s Accession
When his father died, Suleiman ascended to the throne when he was only 26 years old in 1520. Suleiman would not imitate his grandfather (Bayezid II), who had made only a few conquests. He would not even follow the footsteps of his father, Selim I, who had doubled the empire’s territory in just 8 years.
His father, Selim, had advanced towards the east by conquering Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem and Egypt. However, Sultan Suleiman would model his great-grandfather, Mehmed the Conqueror. Because Sultan Mehmed aimed to be as great as the Roman Empire.
Suleiman wanted to compensate his initial years in the areas where Sultan Mehmed was not good at. Mehmet the Conqueror was unsuccessful in Belgrade in 1456; therefore, the first goal of Suleiman was to capture Belgrade.
On May in 1521, he managed to occupy Belgrade. In 1522, he conquered Rhodes by beating Saint Jean knights, which Sultan Mehmet couldn’t manage. These victories were meant as a warning to the West.
3. Hurrem Sultan, wife of Sultan Suleiman
The most important person in Sultan’s entourage was Hurrem Sultan. A daughter of a Galician priest, the real name of Hurrem was Aleksandra Ruslana Lisowska. She was captured in a Tatarian attack and she was sold to the palace. Hurrem Sultan is known in western sources as Roxelana or Rossa, derived from the word Rousse meaning Russian.
Hurrem Sultan was not the first wife to bear a son to Suleiman; therefore, she had to be in continuous struggle with Mahidevran Sultan who gave birth to the first son. She still remained as the only wife that Suleiman loved the most throughout his life.
4. Sultan’s Right-hand man Pargali Ibrahim
Another close person to Suleiman was a Greek born in Parga, ruled by Venetians. He was known as Pargali Ibrahim in Ottoman Palace. He was the same age as Suleiman and his confidant. In 1523, he was appointed as Grand Vizier after taking other appointments.
5. Duke’s Son Alvise Gritti
Alvise Gritti was the illegitimate son of Doge of Venice Andrea Gritti by Galatian woman. He was living in Pera and known as Beyoglu (son of lord) due to his father. Beyoglu district in modern Istanbul took its name from him. Gritti was a close friend of Ibrahim Pasha and Suleiman paid him long evening visits with Pasha.
6. Sultan’s Mother Hafsa Sultan
Another person in Suleiman’s entourage was Hafsa Sultan who was calming these fiery young men, none of whom were even thirty years old when they started to rule. Hafsa Sultan was the mother of Suleiman.
While she was quelling the fights in harem, she was also giving advices to Suleiman. Suleiman had his sister (Hatice Sultan) marry Pargali Ibrahim Pasha in 1524 and there was a wedding in Sultanahmet Square (former Hippodrome) that took for days.
7. Battle of Mohacs
When Mehmed the Conqueror had captured Serbia in 1458 and forwarded into the Balkans, Hungaria took over the role as the protector of Christianity. However, the knights of Lajos II were able to resist Janissaries with blunderbuss not more than couple of hours in Mohacs. Eastern Hungary became a princedom named Erdel under the rule of Ottomans and Western Hungary was ruled by Archduke Ferdinand, brother of Charles V.
8. Rivalry with Charles V
After these events, the rivalry between Ottoman Empire and Holy Roman Empire to stake a claim on the heritage of Roman Empire peaked. Suleiman the Magnificent laid a siege to Vienna but he couldn’t capture the city. He organized three more sieges in 1532, 1541 and 1543 but they failed. Charles V on the other hand took an interest in Mediterranean and occupied Tunisia and sieged Algeria.
9. Sultan Suleiman’s Children
Hurrem Sultan gave a birth to a son (Mehmed, 1521) and daughter (Mihrimah, 1522) and then three more sons. Selim (1524), Bayezid (1525) and Cihangir (1533). Among Sultan Suleiman’s children, only Selim and Mihrimah would lead a relatively long and peaceful life.
Ibrahim Pasha, who suppressed rebellions in Egypt and Anatolia was like the keystone of Ottoman state. Hafsa Sultan died in 1533 and few months later, Sehzade Mustafa (the first son of Suleiman by Mahidevran) was appointed to Manisa as governor and his mother moved with him. Hurrem was not the only sultan of the palace.
10. Relocation of the Harem
Hurrem Sultan persuaded Suleiman and moved Harem, where all women in the palace lived, from Old Palace in Beyazit to grand Topkapı Palace. When Hurrem Sultan gained a lot of power, Ibrahim Pasha supported Mahidevran Sultan and Sehzade Mustafa.
Grand Vizier commanded the army during Iran occupation on 1533 fall and Suleiman followed him in 1534. As a result of the occupation, which took two years, Tabriz and Baghdad were captured. When the army returned from the occupation in 1536, Hurrem blamed Ibrahim Pasha for plotting against Suleiman. Pasha was called to the palace one night and choked to death as punishment.
Now that Hurrem was the only dominant force within the palace, she wanted one of her sons to take the throne. When her oldest and dearest son, Mehmed, died in 1543 (smallpox), Sultan Suleiman asked Architect Sinan to build Sehzade Mosque in his name.
11. Rustem Pasha
Due to untimely death of Sehzade Mehmed, Hurrem Sultan started to prepare his son Selim for the throne although he was known to have a weak character and named drunk. She also married his daughter Mihrimah Sultan to Rustem Pasha who used to work inner palace as part of staff.
Suleiman was getting old and when Rüstem Pasha became vizier in 1544, he started to look after the palace together with Hurrem and Mihrimah. They had a shared goal: to eliminate Şehzade Mustafa.
12. Sehzade Mustafa’s Execution
Rustem Pasha was given the duty to persuade Sultan Suleiman to believe that his son was plotting against him. Eventually in the summer of 1553, during the third military expedition to Iran, Sehzade Mustafa was choked to death by the mute servants of Sultan Suleiman.
However, this assassination made Janissaries really angry; therefore, Sultan Suleiman had to relieve Rustem Pasha of his Grand Vizier duty. Around a month later, Cihangir, who was the youngest son of Hurrem Sultan, died of grief in Aleppo.
13. Süleymaniye Mosque
Hurrem Sultan had Grand Vizier Kara Ahmed Pasha executed in 1555 so that Rustem Pasha would become Grand Vizier again. Following this, she passed away. Suleiman the Magnificent built a mausoleum for Hurrem Sultan behind Suleymaniye Mosque, embroidered with beautiful tiles.
14. Fights for Throne
After Charles V left the throne and the signature of peace treaty with Iran in 1555, Suleiman did not join another military expedition. During his old age, he witnessed the deadly fights for throne between his two living sons, Selim and Beyazid.
After the war in Konya in 1559, Beyazid was beaten and he escaped to Iran. However, his escape couldn’t save him. A treaty signed with Iran Shah in 1562 ensured that he was killed with his sons. Now Selim the Blonde was the only successor to the throne.
15. Death of Sultan Suleiman
Ottomans’ expansion in Mediterranean was stopped at the border of Malta. Siege of Corfu in 1537 was unsuccessful. In 1566, Sultan Suleiman decided to lead another expedition to Austria. He was old and sick and his goal was not that important.
Perhaps he wanted to die during a war. He was not able to rise a horse so he was taken to Szigetvar in a chariot. The siege started in August 5th and Sultan Suleiman died in September 7th a few days before the city fell.
Death of Sultan Suleiman was kept secret until the army arrived in Belgrade and Selim took the throne. Mother of Mustafa, Mahidevran Sultan, was forced to accommodate in Bursa after the death of his son and she lived until 1581.
Conclusion
In this article, we got to know Sultan Suleiman and his wife Hurrem Sultan (aka Roxelana). The life of Sultan Suleiman and Hurrem Sultan has come to the fore in recent years with the TV show Magnificent Century, which refers to the 16th century.
Most of the characters mentioned in this article are also in the series. Above, you can see the poster of the Magnificent Century (Turkish original name, Muhteşem Yüzyıl) series. I noted the main characters for easy recognition.
You can also read the Ottoman Empire Map article, which summarizes the history of the empire in the form of a timeline. In addition, the Ottoman Istanbul article, which tells the history of the Ottoman capital through its structures, may also interest you.
During the reign of Sultan Suleiman, Istanbul was equipped with mosques, palaces, baths and tombs. You can also read the article titled Sultan Suleyman’s family, which focuses on Suleiman’s close circle and their legacy.
Honoring the Memory of Stefanos Yerasimos
This article was written based on the research of Istanbul University history professor Stefanos Yerasimos (1942-2005). For those interested in the history of Istanbul, I recommend this valuable historian’s book Constantinople: Istanbul’s Historical Heritage.
Written by Serhat Engul
I would like to know where I can watch “magnificent century” series 2-5
I have seen series 1 on Netflix
Hello Deborah, I think you will be able to find it on Youtube with English subtitles. Just search on the Google as “Magnificent Century Season 2 English Subtitles” some results come up on Youtube.
The subtitles, in most of the episodes, are very frustrating. In many, there is both Turkish and English subtitles over-lapping each other, the text is usually yellow or white, or both, and impossible to read. The usual misinterpretations and confusing use of pronouns is bearable, if one understands the context. Unless one understands Turkish reasonably well, one must pay close attention.
I am surprised that the foreign language publications are so inadequate. Tims Production did a very professional job in general. Copies published on the Internet may be third party products. Since I watched the publication in Turkish, I was not aware of these problems.
Also, although this article refers to the series, it is not related to the TV Show. This is a history article that I wrote by making use of a work of historian Stefanos Yerasimos.
I am just loving this series and I understand it very well even if occasional sub subtitles are confused..
I see great similarities between Sulieman’s court and that of the Tudor Kings of England. Intrigue, murder, battles, betrayal and executions.
Seems these were bloody times In many country’s histories..
Yes, I agree. I had watched the Tudors series too, and there were many similarities. Considering that Sultan Suleyman and Henry VIII lived in the same period, it seems that this was the lifestyle of that period.
Who whas powerful in the Ottoman Empire is Kosem or Hurrem ?
In fact, to answer this question, it is necessary to be a historian with in-depth knowledge of the period. However, according to my impression from what I read, Hurrem was stronger.
The fact that Hurrem lived in the peak period of the Ottoman Empire and being the wife of Suleyman the Magnificent also contributed to this power.